Polyhydrogen acid is a multi-stage acid system developed to meet the requirements of deep acidizing operations. It is a retarded acid with multi-level ionization capability. A single polyhydrogen-acid molecule contains multiple hydrogen ions (H⁺), up to five, but their reactivity varies depending on their positions in the molecule, with each ionization stage having roughly similar activity.
During application, under formation conditions, the most reactive first-stage H⁺ ions are released first, generating active acidity, followed by the second and subsequent ionization stages. This ensures a gradual release of hydrogen ions and a balanced H⁺ concentration throughout the entire reaction, reducing the damaging effect of strong acids in the near-wellbore zone. It significantly enhances the deep formation stimulation and blockage-removal capability of the acid system. Meanwhile, polyhydrogen acid also exhibits strong chelating ability, anti-emulsification properties, and acid-residue resistance.


